Animal and poultry nutrition
sara saeidi garaghani; moslem Bashtani; Pirouz Shakeri; Hossein Naeimipour Younesi
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of a type of mineral biochar obtained from Kohbanan mine in Kerman on the performance, digestibility, blood parameters and ruminal fermentation of suckling Holstein calves in an industrial cattle farm. For this ...
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This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of a type of mineral biochar obtained from Kohbanan mine in Kerman on the performance, digestibility, blood parameters and ruminal fermentation of suckling Holstein calves in an industrial cattle farm. For this purpose, 35 Holstein calves with an average weight of 48.88 ± 4.87 were used in a completely random design in five treatments and seven replications.The experimental rations include: 1) milk and starter feed (basal ration), 2) basal diet with 10 g of mineral biochar mixed in the starter feed, 3) basal diet with 10 g of mineral biochar dissolved in milk, 4) basal diet with 20 g of mineral biochar mixed in the initial feed, 5) basal diet with 20 g of mineral biochar dissolved in milk. Consumption of 20 grams of biochar in the initial feed increased the daily weight and improved the average feed conversion coefficient . The highest amount of blood glucose and albumin concentrations was related to calves fed with 20 g of biochar in the initial feed. Calves consuming 10 and 20 g of biochar in the starter feed had the highest apparent digestibility of nutrients. Calves fed with 20 g of biochar in the initial feed had higher rumen pH than the other calves. Therefore, the addition of 20 g mineral biochar to the starter diet of Holstein calves is recommended because of its positive effects on performance, digestibility blood parameters and rumen fermentation.
Animal and poultry nutrition
Pirouz Shakeri; Hamid Najafi Neghad; ALIREZA AGHASHAHI; Amirali Shakeri
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of preparing silage, determine nutritive value and characteristics of silage prepared from three genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) forage (Sjama, Titicaca and Q12) in a completely randomized design. The chopped forages were ...
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The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of preparing silage, determine nutritive value and characteristics of silage prepared from three genotypes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) forage (Sjama, Titicaca and Q12) in a completely randomized design. The chopped forages were siloed with four replications in laboratory silos. After 60 days, the silos were opened and the appearance characteristics of the silages were examined. The quinoa silages were sampled for analysis concentration of chemical composition and silage characteristics. The results show that, the duration of sowing to the dough stage of seeds was 60 days in Kerman climate. In silage of Sajama, Titicaca and Q12 genotypes, the average of dry matter (P<0.01) was 20.36, 22.99 and 22.21%, the concentration of crude protein (P<0.01) was 13.50, 14.21 and 14.31% respectively. The characteristics score of silages were 16.75, 17.50 and 18.13 in a 0 to 20 scoring system for Sjama, Titicaca and Q12 genotypes respectively (P<0.01), Quinoa forage silage had a high buffering capacity and were determined 273.09, 195.90 and 200.33 meq NaOH for Sjama, Titicaca and Q12 genotypes respectively (P<0.01). In general, the results have shown that quinoa forage silage have an acceptable quality, especially in crude protein concentration and can be used as a substitution feedstuff in ruminant nutrition. However, there are many differences between genotypes in chemical composition and silage properties. It seems some genotypes (Sejama) don’t have the potential for silage production and more studies are needed to select the appropriate genotypes.
Rasoul Loghmanpour zarini; Hassan Nabipour afrouzi; Pirouz Shakeri
Abstract
The poultry industry is very important in terms of supplying a significant portion of the country's food and protein needs. In this research, the energy consumption of broiler chickens has been evaluated. For this purpose, information was collected from 45 broiler chicken producers randomly collected ...
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The poultry industry is very important in terms of supplying a significant portion of the country's food and protein needs. In this research, the energy consumption of broiler chickens has been evaluated. For this purpose, information was collected from 45 broiler chicken producers randomly collected in Mazandaran province. In this study, energy consumption and energy indices were calculated first and then, using artificial neural network, output energy modeling was considered as a function. The results of this study showed that total input and output energy in broiler chicken meat production was 153.79 and 27.45 GJ per 1000, respectively. In broiler chickens, the highest inputs were consumed with 61.48%. The energy ratio in the production of this product was also calculated to be 0.18. The artificial neural network results showed that the best structure for estimating the energy consumption of broiler chicken meat was estimated to be 5-12-1. The coefficient of explanation for the best structure for broiler chicken production was 0.99 for training data. Therefore, this model was selected as the best method for estimating the output energy based on input energy in the study area. In assessing the effectiveness of inputs on the outputs, the fossil fuel showed the highest sensitivity among the production inputs that reveals the needs for revision of the energy resources more than ever.
azam mirheidari; Noor Mohammad Torbatinejad; Pirouz Shakeri
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of pistachio by-product biochar (PBPB) on cumulative gas production, gas production parameters, short chain fatty acids, digestibility, methane and ammonia production and volatile fatty acids in an in vitro batch fermentation system. ...
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This study was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels of pistachio by-product biochar (PBPB) on cumulative gas production, gas production parameters, short chain fatty acids, digestibility, methane and ammonia production and volatile fatty acids in an in vitro batch fermentation system. The study was carried out in a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Four levels of PBPB including 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % was added to the experimental diets with ratio 60% forage to 40% concentrate. All samples were incubated in three replications using buffered ruminal fluid collected from 4 Kermanian sheep. Result indicated that inclusion of biochar to experimental diet had no significant effect on cumulative gas production after 24 and 96 h of incubation, short chain fatty acids, protozoa population and volatile fatty acids. Inclusion of PBPB to the diet significantly increased pH (p < 0.01) compared to control treatment . Concentrations of ammonia (p < 0.05) and methane (p < 0.01) significantly decreased at 1 and 1.5% of PBPB compared to control. In general, these findings indicated that the use of PBPB can have had a great potential to decrease methane mitigation and ammonia concentrations and improving of rumen fermentation
Mahsa Hedayati Sichani; Amir Davar Forozandeh; Pirouz Shakeri
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of mineral biochar (MB) on performance, nutrient digestibility, and some blood parameters of Holstein calves. Twenty-seven Holstein female weaned calves (67.66 ± 9.33 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to one of three ...
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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of mineral biochar (MB) on performance, nutrient digestibility, and some blood parameters of Holstein calves. Twenty-seven Holstein female weaned calves (67.66 ± 9.33 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets; contained 0%, 0.35% and 0.70% of mineral biochar in concentrate respectivelyDry matter intake (DMI) and body weight gain were recorded at the end of each week. Blood samples were collected on day 48 and nutrient digestibility was measured at the end of the experimental period (days 46 to 49). Results showed that mean of total body weight gain, final body weight and daily gain were not affected by different levels of MB in diets. There was no difference in average daily dry matter intake of calves consuming different experimental diets; while, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (P = 0.02) in calves fed diets containing MB compared to control group and FCR decreased linearly (P = 0.02) as the level of MB increased in the diet. Apparent total tract digestibility of OM, CP and NDF increased (P < 0.01) with diets containing MB in comparison to control group. Also, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, triglycerides and VLDL were not different across experimental diets, but, calves fed 0.35% MB had lower (p<0.05) blood cholesterol than those fed other diet. It was concluded that using of MB had favorable effects on nutrient digestibility, FCR and blood cholesterol.
A. Mirhidari; N. torbatinejad; S. Hasani; Pirouz Shakeri
Abstract
Biochar is a carbonaceous material obtained when types of biomass heated in a closed container with little or no available oxygen. Biochar combines a porous structure and large surface area for microbial adhere. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding pistachio by-product biochar ...
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Biochar is a carbonaceous material obtained when types of biomass heated in a closed container with little or no available oxygen. Biochar combines a porous structure and large surface area for microbial adhere. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding pistachio by-product biochar (PBPB) on growth performance, microbial protein, blood metabolites and some of ruminal fermentation parameters in fattening lambs. For this purpose, 12 Kermanian male lambs (21.70 ± 1.37 kg BW) were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 experimental diets containing 0 and 1 % of PBPB (DM basis) over an 84-days period. Experimental diets were fed twice daily in two equal portions as total mixed rations. Dry matter intake (DMI) and weight gain were recorded and blood, urine and rumen fluid samples were collected at different times. Result indicated that feeding 1% PBPB had no significant effect on dry matter intake, but average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and microbial protein production were improved (p<0.05). Mean of rumen fluid pH was not affected by diets, but ruminal concentration of NH3-N was increased (p= 0.03) with substitutions of 1% PBPB. The long-term feeding of 1% PBPB had no significant effect on liver enzymes and triglycerides but, lambs fed 1% PBPB had higher blood glucose and total protein (p<0.05) than those fed other diet. It was concluded that using of PBPB up to 1% of dietary DM had favorable effects on growth performance and feed conversion ratio.
A. D. Foroozandeh; Pirouz Shakeri
Abstract
This trial was performed to determine the effects of alfalfa hay, sodium bicarbonate and their combination in the starter diet on performance, blood metabolites, digestibility of nutrients, fecal score and body structure in Holstein dairy calves. Individually housed calves (n=40, body weight=42.6±2.2 ...
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This trial was performed to determine the effects of alfalfa hay, sodium bicarbonate and their combination in the starter diet on performance, blood metabolites, digestibility of nutrients, fecal score and body structure in Holstein dairy calves. Individually housed calves (n=40, body weight=42.6±2.2 kg), 10 days after birth, were used in a completely randomized design (n=10 calves per treatment: 5 males and 5 females) and fed by one of the following four treatments: 1-Starter concentrate(Control), 2-Starter concentrate+15% alfalfa hay(SA) 3-Starter concentrate+1% sodium bicarbonate(SS) and 4-Starter concentrate+15% alfalfa hay+1% sodium bicarbonate (SAS) for 60 days. The calves had ad-libitum access to water and experimental starter diets and received 4 kg/d milk in the whole experimental period. The results showed that the calves used SAS diets had lowest final body weight (p<0.05) and average daily gain (P<0.02) than those fed other diets, while the dry matter intake was not affected by different diets. The calves fed SA diet had the lowest (p<0.05) feed efficiency and was lower than those fed SAS diet (p<0.05). The fecal score, blood metabolites and body structure were not affected by different diets. Calves fed SA diet had lower (P=0.02) digestibility of DM compared with those fed control diet, while the digestibility of OM, CP and NDF did not differ across treatments. In conclusion, the use of alfalfa hay up to 15% in starter diet can improve feed efficiency, but supplementation of starter diet with 1% sodium bicarbonate had no beneficial effect on growth performance of dairy calves.
Pirouz Shakeri; M. Hoseini Ghafari; H. Fazaeli
Abstract
This review aimed to collect and summarize all available current evidence of the effects of pistachio by-product (PBP) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, microbial protein synthesis, methane emission, physiological parameters and blood metabolites in ruminants. The results showed that the concentration ...
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This review aimed to collect and summarize all available current evidence of the effects of pistachio by-product (PBP) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation, microbial protein synthesis, methane emission, physiological parameters and blood metabolites in ruminants. The results showed that the concentration of NH3-N and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis in the rumen decreased in PBP supplemented diets, although the PBP diets had lower microbial protein synthesiscompared to the control groups. By increasing PBP supplementation the concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and the total population of the rumen bacteria in the rumen were reduced in some experiments. Some studies suggest that the use of PBP can be a useful strategy for increasing the CLA content of milk fat in Saanen dairy goats. This by-product is effective in reducing methane emissions from livestock. In general, PBP can be used in ruminant diets at inclusion levels up to 300 g/kg, or more without interfering with performance, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, hematological parameters, and kidney and liver function.
Pirouz Shakeri; M. Hosseini Ghafari; H. Fazaeli
Abstract
Pistachio farming is a main agricultural enterprise in central Iran and pistachio by-product are produced during the de-hulling of pistachio nuts after harvesting. This by-product contains varying amounts of soft external hull, twigs, leaves and kernel and bony shells. The present paper aims to sum up ...
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Pistachio farming is a main agricultural enterprise in central Iran and pistachio by-product are produced during the de-hulling of pistachio nuts after harvesting. This by-product contains varying amounts of soft external hull, twigs, leaves and kernel and bony shells. The present paper aims to sum up the literature exists on the methods of processing and storage, chemical composition, the appropriate levels of pistachio by-product consumption for livestock and its effects on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in ruminants. This by-product has a good potential for use in ruminant nutrition as a low price feed. Ensiling is the best method for long time preservation of this by-product as storage is difficult owing to its high moisture content; however, the addition of 1.5% molasses and a maximum of 0.5% urea are effective in increasing the quality of pistachio by-product silage. The dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, phenolic compounds and total tannin in the dry pistachio by-product have been reported to be 93.91, 83.84, 11.81, 30.27, 22.12, 10.38 and 6.16%, respectively. The average dry matter digestibility of pistachio by-product ranged from 56.5 to 52.0% of DM. This review evaluates pistachio by-product relative to their nutrient composition, content of secondary compounds, and their impact on feed intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and animal performance. Possible reasons and implications of these results to use pistachio by-product as a feed were discussed.
Pirouz shakeri; Ali reza Aghashahi; Hamid Mostafavi; Mehdi Mirzaee
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the effects of sun dried and ensiled pistachio by-product (PBP) on fermentation and methane emission in the rumen using an in vitro batch fermentation system. For this purpose, fresh PBP were ensiled into a trench silo without any additives and simultaneously ...
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The present study was conducted to examine the effects of sun dried and ensiled pistachio by-product (PBP) on fermentation and methane emission in the rumen using an in vitro batch fermentation system. For this purpose, fresh PBP were ensiled into a trench silo without any additives and simultaneously some sun dried PBP were prepared. After 3 month, the ensiled PBP samples were freeze-dried and then chemical analysis was conducted for both samples. All samples were incubated with four replications using buffered rumen fluid for 24 hours. Two positive controls (i.e., oaten chaff and commercial concentrate) were included in the assay as standards to detect differences. At the end of incubation gas pressure, pH and total volatile fatty acids were used as indicators of overall sample fermentability, and concentrations of methane, ammonia, acetate and propionate indicated changes in fermentation end products. The result showed that the ensiled PBP had lower aNDFom and water soluble carbohydrates but greater in phenolic compounds compared with the sun dried PBP. Gas production were lower (P<0.01) in sun dried and ensiled pistachio by-products than the oaten chaff and commercial concentrate, although the amounts of volatile fatty acids and ammonia for both PBPwere lower (P<0.01) than the commercial concentrate. The lowest acetate to propionate ratio and the highest pH were in ensiled PBPhowever, a significant reduction (P<0.01) in methane emission was observed with both PBP samples in comparison to the positive controls. In general, these findings indicate that PBP has a great potential to decrease methane mitigation and can used as a new alternative for modify of rumen fermentation
