Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of non-starch polysaccharides of barley supplemented with multi-enzyme on growth performance and physiological characteristics of broilers. A total number of 375 one day old Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated randomly to 3 treatments with 5 replicates at 2 rearing period (including 1 to 21 and 22 to 42 days of age) using a CRD statistical design. Treatments including control, barley and barley+ enzyme. Traits were included growth performance, gut microbial numeration and jejunal villus morphometric characteristics. According to the results, maximum and minimum feed intake at the whole rearing period was observed in barley+ enzyme and control group. Unlikely about average daily gain, the maximum value was belonged to control and minimum was belonged to barley treatments. The barley and control group had maximum and minimum feed conversion ratio respectively. Barley treatment had the highest number of gram negative, coliform and clostridium bacteria, but in conversely had the minimum number of lactic acid and bifido-bacteria among treatments. Also measures of villus including height and width and crypt depth significantly affected by feeding of barley diet. So the minimum villus height and width, conversely maximum crypt depth belonged to barley diet. Supplementation of barley diet eliminated these problems. In conclusion, inclusion of barley to experimental diet due to high level of the non-starch polysaccharides had negative effect on growth performance, gut microbial population and intestinal villus morphology, but enzyme supplementation of barley diet with multi-glycanase and phytas eliminated such negative effects.
Keywords
Barges, S.A. De Oliveria, J.P. Da Silva, A.V.F. and Dossantos, T.T. (2011). Use of electrolytes for birds. The practice of theory. Proceeding of Australian Poultry Science Symposium 14-16th Feb 2011, pp 170-183.
Bedford, M.R. Classen, H.L. and Campbell, G.L. (1991). The effect of pelleting, salt and pentosanase on the viscosity of intestinal contents and the performance if broilers fed rye. Poultry Science, 70:1571-1577.
Brenes, A. Smith, C.H.A. Guener, W. Marquardt, R.R. (1993a). Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat and barley based diets. Poultry Science, 72, 1731-1739.
Brenes, A. Guener, W. Marquardt, R.R. and Rotter, B.A. (1993b). Effect of α-Glucanase/pentosanase enzyme supplementation on the performance of chickens and laying hens fed wheat, barley, naked oats and rye diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 73:941-951.
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1992). Aniti-nutritive activity of wheat arabinoxylans: Role of viscosity. British Poultry Science, 33: 821-834.
Choct, M. (1997). Feed non-starch polysaccharides: Chemical structures and nutritional significance. Journal of Feed Milling International, June Issue, pp. 13-26.
Choct, M, and Kocher, A. (2000). Non starch carbohydrates: digestion and secondary effects in monogastrics. 24th Annual Meeting of The Nutrition Society of Australia, pp. 26-32.
Christensen, H. R., Frokiar, h. and Pestka, J.J. (2002). Lactobacilli differentially modulate expression of cytokines and maturation surface markers in murine dendritic cells. Journal of Immunology, 168: 171- 178.
Cowan, W. D, and Hastrupt, T. (1995). Application of xylanases and β-glucanases to the feed of turkeys and ducks. In: Proc. 10th European symposium poultry nutrition, 15-19th october, Antalya, Turkey, p 320.
Donohue, M., Cunningham, D.L. (2009). Effects of grain and oilseed prices on the costs of US poultry production. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18:325- 337.
Forder, R.E. Nattrass, G.S. Geier, M.S. Hughes, R.J. and Hyrd, P.T. (2012). Quantitative analyses of genes associated with mucin synthesis of broiler chickens with induced necrotic enteritis. Poultry Science, 91:1335-1341.
Graham, H. Bedford, M. and Choct, M. (1993). High gut digesta viscosity can reduce performance. Journal of Feed Stuff, 65:1-4.
Hetland, H. Choct, M. and Svihus, B. (2004). Role of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides in poultry nutrition. World Poultry Science Journal, 60: 415-422.
Hubener, K. Vahjen, W. and Simon, O. (2002). Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken. Archive of Animal Nitrition, 65:167-187.
Jaroni, D, Scheideler, S.E. Beck, M.M. Wyatt, C. (1999). The effect of dietary wheat middling and enzyme supplementation. II: Apparent nutrient digestibility, digestive tract size, gut viscosity and gut morphology in two strains of leghorn hens. Poultry Science, 78: 1664-1674.
Kalantar, M. Salary, J. Nouri Sanami, M. Khojastekey, M. and Hemati Matin, H.R. (2014). Dietary supplementation of Silybum marinum or Curcuma spp on health characteristics and broiler chicken performance. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 2:58-63.
Langhout, D. J. Schutte, J.B. Van Leeuwen, P. Wiebenga, J. and Tamminga, S. (1999). Effect of dietary high-and low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal micro flora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science, 40: 340-347.
Langhout, D.J. Schuttle, j.B. De Jong, J. Sloetjes, H. Verstegen, M.W.A. and Tamminga, S. (2000). Effect of viscosity on digestion of nutrients in conventional and germ-free chicks. British Journal of Nutrition, 83:533-540.
Mathlouthi, J.P. Lalles, N. Lepereq, P. Juste, C. and Larbier, M. (2002). Xylanase and β-glucanase supplementation improve conjugated bill acid fraction in intestinal contents and increase villus size of small intestine wall in broiler chickens fed a rye-based diet. Journal of Animal Science, 80:2773-2779.
Mirzaie, S. Zaghari, M. Aminzadeh, S. Shivazad, M. Mateos, G.G. (2012). Effect of wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation of the diet on productive performance, nutrient retention and endogenous intestinal enzyme activity of laying hens. Poultry Science, 91:413-425.
Moharrery, A. and Mohammadpour, A.A. (2005). Effect of diets containing different qualities of barley on growth performance and serum amylase and intestinal villus morphology. Iternational Journal of Poultry Science, 4:549-556.
Morakami, A. E. Franco, H.R. Martins, E.N. Rondon, O. Sakamato, m.I. and Pereira, M.S. (2003). Effect of electrolyte balance in low-protein diets on broiler performance and tibial dyschonroplasia incidence. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 12:207-216.
Nourmohammadi, R. and Afzali, N . (2013). Effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on small intestine morphology in broiler chicken. Italian Journal of Animal Science ,Vol 12, No 1 (2013). 12:e7 doi:10.4081/ijas.2013.e7.
Olukosi, O.A. Cowieson, A.J. Adeola, O. (2007). Age-related influence of a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease or phytase individually or in combination in broilers. Poultry Science, 86:77-86.
Pourreza, J. Samie, A.H. and Rowghani, E. (2007). Effect of supplemental enzyme on nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chicks fed on diets containing triticale. International Journal of Poultry Science, 6:115-117.
Rama-Rao, S.V. Rajie, M.V.L.N. Reddy, M.R. and Panda, A.K. (2004). Replacement of yellow maize with pear millet, foxtail millet or finger millet in broiler chicken diets containing supplemental enzymes. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science, 17:836-842.
Rakowska, M.B. Rek-Cieply, B. Lipinska, E. Kubinski, T. Barcz, I. and Afanasjew, B. (1993). The effect of rye, probiotics and niacin on fecal flora and histology of the small intestine of chicks. Journal of animal science, 2:73-81.
Ravindran, V. Selle, P.H. Bryden, W.L. (1999). Effects of phytase supplementation, individually and in combination, with glycanase, on the nutritive value of wheat and barley. Poultry Science, 78: 1588-1595.
Rhee, K. J. Jasper, P.J. Sethupathi, P. Shanmugam, N. Lanning, D. and Knight, K.L. (2005). Positive selection of the peripheral B cell repertoire in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 201: 55-62.
Ross 308 Broiler Manual. (2009) Ross Nutrition Specification, Ross Nutrition Supplement, 2009. pp24
Rousseau, X. Letourneau-Montminy, m.P. Meme, M. Magnin, M. Nys, Y. and Narcy, A. (2012). Phosphorous utilization in finishing broiler chickens: Effects of dietary calcium and microbial phytase. Poultry Science, 91:2820-2837.
Saki, A.A. Hemati Matin, H.R. Tabatabai, M.M. Zamani, P. and Naseri Harsini, N. (2010). Microflora population, intestinal condition and performance of broilers in response to various rates of pectin and cellulose in the diet. European Poultry Science, 74: 183–188.
SAS Institute., 2004. SAS procedure guide for personal computers, STAT User Guide, Statistics. Version 9.1., SAS Institute INC, Cary NC.
Selle, P. H. Huang, K.H. and Muir, W.I. (2003). Effects of nutrient specifications and xylanase plus phytase supplementation of wheat based diets on growth performance and carcass traits of broiler chicks. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, 16:1501-1509.
Selle, P. H. and Ravindran, V. (2007). Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 135:1-41.
Shakouri, M.D. Kermanshahi, H. and Mohsenzadeh, M. (2006). Effect of different NSPs in semi purified diets on performance and intestinal microflora of young broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 557-561.
Silva, S.S. and Smithard, R.R. (1996). Exogenous enzymes in broiler diet crypt cell proliferation, digesta viscosity short chain fatty acids and xylanase in the jejunum. British Poultry Science, 37:577-579.
Silva, S.S.P. and Smithard, R.R. (2002). Effect of enzyme supplementation of a rye-based diet on xylanase activity in the small intestine of broilers, on intestinal crypt cell proliferation and on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of the birds. British Poultry Science, 43:274-282.
Slominski, B..A.( 2011). Recent advances in research on enzymes for poultry diets. A review: Poultry Science, 90:2013-2023.
Smits, C.H.M. and Annison, G. (1996). Non-Starch polysaccharides in broiler nutrition towards an physiologically valid approach their determination. World's Poultry Science Journal, 52: 203-221.
Smits, C. H. M. Veldman, A. Verstegen, M. W. A. and Beynen, A. C. (1997). Dietary carboxymethyl cellulose with high instead of low viscosity reduces macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition, 127:483–487.
Viveros, A. Brenes, A. Pizarro, M. and Castanb, M. (1994). Effect of enzyme supplementation of a diet based on barley on apparent digestibility, growth performance and gut morphology of broilers. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, 48:237-251.
Wu, Y.B. Ravindran, V. Thomas, D.J. Birties, M.J. and Hendriks, W.H. (2004). Influence of method of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, apparent metabolizable energy, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broilers. Journal of British Poultry Science, 45:385-394.
)