Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The effects of dried citrus pulp on quality and ruminal degradability of dry matter and nutrients of Berseem clover was studied using a completely randomized design with five treatments including: Berseem clover 1) No additives, 2) supplemented with 40% dried orange peels, 3) supplemented with 40% dried tangerine peel, 4) supplemented with 35% dried tangerine peel and 5% barley grain, and 5) supplemented with 35% dried orange peels and 5% barley grain. The clover harvested before flowering stage and ensiled in a 100×50-cm plastic bag in three replicates. After 35 days, the plastic bags were opened and their chemical composition and ruminal degradation parameters were measured using the nylon bag technique. The pH and Fleight-point of silages were 4.10, 4.15, 4.25, 4.50 and 4.30; 81.00, 96.33, 83.00, 74.33, and 97.00 in treatments 1 to 5, respectively. Addition of dried cirtus pulp decreased neutral detergent fiber and crude protein content but increased dry matter and organic matter content. In comparison to the control, the fast degradation fraction of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber decreased in treatments 2 and 5 but increased in treatments 3 and 4 increased. The potentially degradable fraction of dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fiber were not significantly different between treatments. Neutral detergent fiber degradation rate was significantly affected by the different treatments was increased by the addition of dried citrus pulp. Dried citrus pulp improves the quality and increase the degradation of Berseem clover silage.

Keywords

Abedeini, A.H., T., Ghoorchi and S. Zerehdaran. 2012. The effect of replacing different levels of barley with citrus pulp in Taleshi male lambs. Animal Production Research, 1: 41- 51. )In Persian(
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 2002. Official method of Analysis. Vol.1. 17 th Ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA. Pages: 120-155.
Albrecht, K.A. and R.E. Muck, 1991.Proteolysis in ensiled forage legumes that vary in tannin concentration. Crop Science, 31: 464–469.
Arbabi, S., T. Ghoorchi and A.A. Naserian. 2008. The effect of dried citrus pulp, dried beet sugar pulp and wheat straw as silage additives on by-products of orange silage. Asian Journal Animal Science, 2: 35-42.
Bampidis, V.A. and P.H. Robinson. 2006. Citrus by-products as ruminant feeds: A review. Animal Feed Sciences Technology, 128: 175–217.
Barrios-Urdaneta, A., M. Fondevila and C. Castrillo. 2003. Effect of supplementation with different proportions of barley grain or citrus pulp on the digestive utilization of ammonia-treated straw by sheep. Animal Science, 76: 309–317.
Barzamini, H., U. Mostafalo, J. Bayat Kohsar And F. Ghanbari. 2014. Effect of addition of different levels of dried citrus pulp and beet pulp on chemical composition and pH of tomato pulp silage. National Conference of sheep on the sidelines of the Caspian Sea. Sari University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources. PP 92 - 95. )In Persian(
Berimavandi, A.R., H. Akhgari and B.Kaviani. 2010. Determination of the best method for silage of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) in humid weather conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology., 12: 141-144.
Bezabih Yitbarek, M. and B. Tamir. 2014. Silage Additives: Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. 4: 258-274.
Broderick, G.A., D.R., Mertens, and R.Simons. 2002. Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage. Dairy Sciences, 85, 1767–1776.
Cohen, D. C., C. R. Stockdale,P. T. Doyle. 2006. Feeding an energy supplement with white clover silage improves rumen fermentation, metabolisable protein utilisation, and milk production in dairy cows. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 57 (4): 367-375
Crawshaw, R. 2004. Co-product Feeds: Animal Feeds from the Food and Drinks Industries. Nothingham University Press.
Del Prado, A., T., Misselbrook, Chadwick, D., Hopkins, A., Dewhurst, R.J., Davison, P., Butler, A., Schroder, J., and Scholefield, D. 2011. SIMSDAIRY: A modelling framework to identify sustainable dairy farms in the UK. Framework description and test for organic systems and N fertiliser optimisation. Sciences Total Environ. 409:3993–4009.
Hannaway, D.B. and C. Larson. 2004. Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinumL.). Oregon State University, Species Selection Information System. http://forages.oregonstate.edu/php/fact_sheet_print_legume.php?Specid=196&use=Forage
Herrera-Saldana, R. E., J. T. Huber, M. H. Poore. 1990. Dry matter, crude protein, and starch degradability of five cereal grains. Dairy Sciences, 73: 2386-2393.
Jones, B.A., R.D. Hatfield and R.E. Muck. 1995. Characterization of proteolysis in alfalfa and red clover.Crop Sciences, 35: 537-541.
Kilic, A. 1986. Silo Feed (Instruction, Education and Application Proposals). Bilgehan press, Izmir, pp: 327.
Kung, Jr., L.,J. R. Robinson, N. K. Ranjit, J. H. Chen, and C. M. Golt. 2000. Microbial populations, fermentation end products, and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with ammonia or a propionic acid-based preservative. Dairy Sciences. 83:1479-1486.
Martins, A.S., L.M. Zeoula I.N. do Prado, E.N. Martins, V.R. Loyola. 1999. Ruminal in situ degradability of dry matter and crude protein of corn and sorghum silages and some concentrate feeds. Rev. Bras. Zootechnica..
Marichal, M.J. and P. Bayardo. 1994. Degradability of malt sprouts, brewers’ grain, sorghum grain and citrus pulp. Animal Sciences, 72: 135 (Abstract)
McDonald, P., A.R. Henderson and S.J.E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. Chalcombe, Marlow, UK
Mohsen, M.K., G.S. El-Santiel, H.M.A. Gaafar, H.M. El-Gendy and E.A. El-Beltagi. 2011. Nutritional evaluation of berseem. 3. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on berseem fed as silage to goats. Archives Zootechnica., 14: 21-31
Mustafa, A.F., and P. Seguin. 2003. Ensiling characteristics, ruminal nutrient degradabilities and whole tract nutrient utilization of berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) silage. Can. animal Sciences, 83: 147-152.
Nazem, K., Y. Roozbahan, S. A. Shojae-Saadati. 2008. The nutritive value of citrus pulp (lemon and orange) treated with Neurosporasitophila. Journal Sciences Technology Agriculture and Natural Resources, 12: 505- 495.
National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th Rev. Ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., (Washington DC).
Orskov, E.R, and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements Weighted according to the rate of passage. Journal Agriculture Sciences, 92: 499-503.
Palangi, V., A. Taghizadeh, and M.K. Sadeghzadeh. 2013. Determine of nutritive value of dried citrus pulp various using in situ and gas production techniques. Journal Environment and Bio-sciences, 3: 8-16.
Pereira, J.C., and J. Gonzalez. 2004. Rumen degradability of dehydrated beet pulp and dehydrated citrus pulp. Journal Animal Research. 53: 99-110
SAS. 2002. User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 8.2 Edn. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson, and B.A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal Dairy Sciences, 74: 3583–3597.