Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Abstract
In order to determine chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of 16 Iranian wheat cultivars before and after fermentation, 2 experiments were conducted. In first experiment, 330 mixed sex broilers (7-10 days) and in second experiment, 198 mixed sex broilers (21-24 days) were used. The AMEn content of samples was evaluated by excreta collection method using chromic oxide as marker at 10 and 24 days old. The average improvement rate of chemical composition of 16 wheat varieties before and after fermentation for dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, starch, total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), soluble NSP, insoluble NSP, ether extract, ash, non-fiber carbohydrate and nitrogen-free extract were +2.48, +0.61, +0.79, +0.09, -5.10, -12.97, -2.50, -0.38, -2.12, -0.41, +0.79, +4.11 and +0.73 percent respectively. The AMEn for wheat cultivars before fermentation at 10 and 24 days old was 2560 and 2944 kcal/kg and these values for wheat cultivars after fermentation was 2770 and 3141 kcal/kg. The AMEn was affected significantly by fermentation and also by age of broilers (P<0.01) and as a result of processing and with increase of age, the AMEn was increased.
Keywords
یعقوبفر، ا.، شریفی، د. و گلستانی میلانلو، گ. (1393). اثرات آنزیم ناتوزایم پلاس بر انرژی قابل سوخت و ساز و قابلیت هضم پروتئین جیرههای حاوی دانه گندم و کنجاله کلزا در جوجههای گوشتی. پژوهشهای تولیدات دامی. شماره 10، ص ص. 68-57.
یعقوب فر، ا.، میرزایی، س. ولی زاده، ح. و صفامهر، ع. (1391). تعیین کربوهیدراتهای غیر نشاستهای و انرژی قابل متابولیسم ارقام مختلف گندم ایران در تغذیه طیور. نشریه پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران. شماره 1، ص ص. 31-25.
AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis, 18th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Austin, S.C., Wiseman, J. and Chesson, A. (1999). Influence of nonstarch polysaccharides structure on the metabolisable energy of UK wheat fed to poultry. Journal of Cereal Science. 29:77–88.
Batal, A.B. and Parsons, C.M. (2002). Effects of age on nutrient digestibility in chicks fed different diets. Poultry Science. 81:400–407.
Bedford, M.R., Swift, M.L., Pack, M., Classen, H.L., Scott, T.A. and Silversides, F.G. (1998). The effect of wheat cultivar, growing environment, and enzyme supplementation on digestibility of amino acids by broilers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 78:335–342.
Choct, M., Annison, G. and Hughes, R.J. (1999). Apparent metabolisable energy and chemical composition of Australian wheat in relation to environmental factors. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50(4):447-451.
Batal, A. and Dale, N. Feedstuffs. (2016). Ingredient Analysis Table. University of Georgia, Athens, Ga.
Gutierrez del Alamo, A., Perez de Ayala, P., den Hartog, L.A., Verstegen, M.W.A. and Villamide, M.J. (2006). Ileal and faecal digestibility of five wheat samples in broilers. In: XII Eur. Poultry Conference, Verona, Italy. (CD-ROM).
Kianfar, R., Moravej, H., Shivazad, M. and Taghinejad-Roudbaneh, M. (2013). Effect of enzyme addition, germination, and fermentation on the nutritive value of barley for growing Japanese quails. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 22:165–171.
Kianfar, R., Moravej, H., Shivazad, M., Taghinejad-Roudbaneh, M. and Alahyari Shahrasb, M. (2012). The effects of dry heat processing, autoclaving and enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of wheat for growing Japanese quails. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 1:93-102.
Lasek, O., Barteczko, J., Augustyn, R., Smulikowska, S. and Borowiec, F. (2011). Nutritional and energy value of wheat cultivars for broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Feed Science. 20: 246-258.
Megazyme. (2005). Total dietary fibre assay procedure. International Ireland Ltd., Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicliow, Ireland. Internet: www. megazyme.com
McCracken, K.J., McNab, J., Park, R. and Owens, B. (2008). Lack of relationship between either specific weight or presence of the 1B1R gene and nutritive value of wheat in broiler diets. British Poultry Science. 49:463–474.
McNab, J. M. (1991). Factors affecting the nutritive value of wheat for poultry. Project Report No. 43, HGCA, London.
Mollah, Y., Bryden, W. L., Wallis, I. R., Balnave, D. and Annison, E. F. (1983). Studies on low metabolizable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of processing. British Poultry Science. 24:81-89.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient requirements of poultry. Washington (DC): National Academy Press.
Owens, B., Park, R.S., McCracken, K.J. and McCann, M.E.E. (2009). Prediction of wheat chemical and physical characteristics and nutritive value by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. British Poultry Science. 50:103–122.
Pirgozliev, V.R., Bedford, M.R., Kettlewell, P.S. and Rose, S.P. (2001). Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for carcass energy retention in broiler chickens fed different wheat cultivars. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 81:99–106.
Pirgozliev, V.R., Birch, C.L., Rose, S.P., Kettlewell, P.S. and Bedford, M.R. (2003). Chemical composition and the nutritive quality of different wheat cultivars for broiler chickens. British Poultry Science. 44:464–475.
Rafuse, J.L., Silversides, F.G., Bedford, M.R. and Simmins, P. H. (2005). Effect of cultivar and enzyme supplementation on nutrient availability and performance of broilers fed Maritime Canadian wheat. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 85: 493–499.
Rogel, A.M., Balnave, D., Bryden, W.L. and Annison, E.F. (1987). The digestion of wheat starch in broiler chickens. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research. 38:639–649.
SAS. (2002) Statistical Analysis Systems, Version 9. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Scott, T.A., Silversides, F.G., Classen, H.L., Swift, M.L. and Bedford, M.R. (1998a). Effect of cultivar and environment on the feeding value of Western Canadian wheat and barley samples with and without enzyme supplementation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 78:649–656.
Scott, T.A., Silversides, F.G., Classen, H.L., Swift, M.L., Bedford, M.R. and Hall, J.W. (1998b). A broiler chick bioassay for measuring the feeding value of wheat and barley in complete diets. Poultry Science. 77:449–455.
Skrede, G., Herstad, O., Sahlstrøm, S., Holck, A., Slinde, E. and Skrede, A. (2003). Effects of lactic acid fermentation on wheat and barley carbohydrate composition and production performance in the chicken. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 105:135-148.
Yaghobfar, A. (2013). Effects of Bioassay and Age on Amino Acid Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy of Soybean, Sunflower and Canola Meals. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2:249-261
Yaghobfar, A. (2016). The efficiency of AMEn and TMEn utilization for NE in broiler diets. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 18:47-56.
Yaghobfar, A. and Boldaji, F. (2002). Influence of level of feed input and procedure on metabolisable energy and endogenous energy loss (EEL) with adult cockerels. British Poultry Science. 43:696–704
Yegani, M., Swift, M.L., Zijlstra, R.T. and Korver, D.R. (2013). Prediction of energetic value of wheat and triticale in broiler chicks: A chick bioassay and an in vitro digestibility technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 183:40– 50.
Zijlstra, R.T., Patience, J.F. and de Lange, C.F.M. (1999). Nutritional value of wheat for growing pigs: chemical composition and digestible energy content. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 79:187–194.
)