Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Animal and Poultry Nutrition Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural sciences and Natural resources, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
2 Animal Science Research Institute of Iran(asri),Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),karaj,Iran
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of green tea waste (GTW) on gain performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in feedlot lambs. For this purpose, four experimental treatments with 0, 2, 4 and 6 percent of dry matter GTW were used. The amount of final body weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significant among treatments with 2, 4 and 6% GTW (P<0.05) but there was no significant difference between treatment with 2% GTW and control in relation to performance. Treatment contain 2% GTW had the highest value of CP digestibility among the treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in DM and OM digestibility of 2% GTW treatment and control group, but they were significantly more than other treatments (P<0.05). Nitrogen retention of 2% GTW treatment was not significantly different from control treatment, but it was significantly more than other treatments (P< 0.05). The amount of ammonia nitrogen of rumen liquor was significantly lesser in GTW treatments than control (P<0.05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen was significantly lesser in GTW treatments than control (P<0.05). According to the results, using GTW in 2% level (DM) of lamb’s feedlot diet improved performance because of better digestibility and nitrogen balance.
Keywords
رمضانی، م.ع.، چاشنیدل، ی.، تیمورییانسری، ا. و دلدار، ح. (1392). تاثیر سطوح مختلف پروتئین قابل تجزیه به پروتئین غیرقابل تجزیه در شکمبه بر عملکرد و ویژگیهای لاشه برههای آمیخته. مجله پژوهشهای تولیدات دامی. 4(8): 45-35.
صفایی، ا. ر. (1393). اثرات بیولوژیکی تفاله انگور بر تولید گازمتان، تجزیهپذیری و بهبود عملکرد در نشخوارکنندگان. رساله دکتری، دانشکده علوم دامی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. 134 ص.
میرمحمدی، د. (1392). بررسی اثر شکل فیزیکی خوراک در جیرههای با و بدون کود بستر جوجههای گوشتی بر عملکرد برههای پرواری. پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس. 121 ص.
Aerts, R.J., Barry, T.N. and McNabb, W.C. (1999). Polyphenols and agriculture: beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in forages. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 75: 1–12.
Agarwal, N., Kamra, D.N., Chaudhary, L.C. and Patra, A.K. (2006). Effect of Sapindus mukorossi extracts on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation characteristics in buffalo rumen liquor. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 30: 1–4.
Ahmed, M.H., Salem, A.Z.M., Zeweil, H.S., Sun, X. Z., Kholif, A.E., Elghandour, M.M.Y. and Bahar, M.S.I. (2015). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed halophytes as a partial or whole replacement of berseem hay. Small Ruminant Research. 128: 1-9.
Alipour, D. and Rouzbehan, Y. (2010). Effects of several levels of extracted tannin from grape pomace on intestinal digestibility of soybean meal. Livestock Science. 128: 87-91.
Animut, G., Goetsch, A.L., Puchala, R., Patra, A.K., Sahlu, T., Varel, V.H. and Wells, J. (2008). Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels of condensed tannins from lespedeza. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 144: 212–227.
AOAC. (2005). Official methods of analysis, 16th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemistis, Arlington, VA, USA.
Barry, T.N. and McNabb, W.C. (1999). The implications of condensed tannins on the nutritive value of temperate forages fed to ruminants. British Journal of Nutrition. 81: 263–272.
Beauchemin, K.A., McGinn, S.M., Martinez, T.F. and McAllister, T.A. (2007). Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions. Journal of Animal Science. 85: 1990–1996.
Begum, J., Reza, A., Islam, M.R., Rahman, M.M. and Zaman, M.S. (1996). Effect of supplementation of different levels of tea waste on the performance of growing calves. Asian Australasian Jouranl of Animal Sciences. 9: 175-179.
Bhatta, R., Uyeno, Y., Tajima, K., Takenaka, A., Yabumoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Enishi, O. and Kurihara, M. (2009). Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea and protozoal populations. Journal of Dairy Science. 92: 5512–5522.
Broderick, G.A., and Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of
ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science.
63: 64–75.
ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science.
63: 64–75.
Dey, A., Dutta, N., Sharma, K. and Pattanaik, A. K. (2008). Effect of dietary inclusion of Ficus infectoria leaves as a protectant of proteins on the performance of lambs. Small Ruminant Research. 75: 105-114.
Fagundes, G.M., Modesto, E.C., Fonseca, C.E.M., Lima, H.R.P. and Muir, J.P. (2014). Intake, digestibility and milk yield in goats fed Flemingia macrophylla with or without polyethylene glycol. Small Ruminant Reserch. 116: 88-93.
Faithfull, N.T. )2002(. Methods in agricultural chemical analysis. In: A Practical Handbook. CAB International. 304 pp.
Givens, D.I., Owen, E., Axford, R.F.E. and Omed, H.M. (2000). Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition, First Ed. CABI Publishing, Walingford, Oxon, Ox108 DE. 480 pp.
Gorgulu, M., Yurtseven, S., Unsal, I. and Kutlu, H.R. (2004). Effect of dietary supplemental Yucca schidigera powder on fattening performance of male lambs. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 25: 33-36.
Grainger, C., Clarke, T., Auldist, M.J., Beauchemin, K.A., McGinn, S.M., Waghorn, G.C. and Eckard, R.J. (2009). Potential use of Acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 89: 241–251.
Hagerman, A.E. (2002). Tannin handbook. Biological Activities of tannins: Tannin as antioxidants. Protein digestibility protein precipitation by tannins. pp:1-12.
Hariadi, B.T. and Santoso, B. (2010). Evaluation of tropical plants containing tannin on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation parameters using rumen fluid. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 90: 456–461.
Hart, K. J., Yanez-Ruiz, D. R., Duval, S. M., McEvan, N. R. and Newbold, C. I. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 147: 8-35.
Hervas, G., Perez, V., Giraldez, F.J., Mantecon, A.R., Almar, M.M. and Frutos, P. (2003). Intoxication of sheep with quebracho tannin extract. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 129: 44– 54.
Hess, H.D., Beuret, R.A., Lotscher, M., Hindrichsen, I.K., Machmuller, A., Carulla, J.E., Lascano, C.E. and Kreuzer, M. (2004). Ruminal fermentation, methanogenesis and nitrogen utilization of sheep receiving tropical grass hay-concentrate diets offered with Sapindus saponaria fruits and Cratylia argentea foliage. Animal Science. 79: 177–189.
Holtshausen, L., Chaves, A.V., Beauchemin, K.A., McGinn, S.M., McAllister, T.A., Odongo, N.E., Cheeke, P.R. and Benchaar, C. (2009). Feeding saponin-containing Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria to decrease enteric methane production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 92: 2809–2821.
Hu, W., Liu, J., Wu, Y., Guo, Y. and Ye, J. (2006). Effects of tea saponins on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance in growing Boer goat. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 60: 89–97.
Hu, W., Wu, Y., Liu, J., Guo, Y. and Ye, J. (2005). Tea saponins affect in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B. 6: 787–792.
Kondo, M., Hidaka, M., Kita, K. and Yokota, H. (2007). Feeding value of supplemented diet with black tea by-product silage: Effect of polyethylene glycol addition to the diet on digestibility of protein fractions in goats. Grassland Science. 53: 131-137.
Kondo, M., Hirano, Y., Ikai, N., Kita, K., Jayanegara, A. and Yokota, H. (2014). Assessment of anti-nutritive activity of tannins in tea by-products based on in vitro rumen fermentation. Asian Australasian Jouranl of Animal Sciences. 27: 1571-1576.
Kondo, M., Nakano, M., Kaneko, A., Agata, H., Kita, K. and Yokota, H. (2004). Ensiled green tea waste as partial replacement for soybean meal and alfalfa hay in lactating cows. Asian Australasian Jouranl of Animal Sciences. 17: 960-966.
Lovett, D.K., Stack, L., Lovell, S., Callan, J., Flynn, B., Hawkins, M. and O’Mara, F.P. (2006). Effect of feeding Yucca schidigera extract on performance of lactating dairy cows and ruminal fermentation parameters in steers. Livestock Science. 102: 23–32.
Mandal, G.P., Roy, A. and Patra, A.K. (2014). Effects of feeding plant additives rich in saponins and essential oils on the performance, carcass traits and conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in muscle and adipose tissues of Black Bengal goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 197: 76-84.
Mao, H.L., Wang, J.K., Zhou, Y.Y. and Liu, J. X. (2010). Effects of addition of tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production, fermentation and microbial population in the rumen of Growinh lambs. Livestock Science. 129: 56–62.
Min, B.R., Barry, T.N., Attwood, G.T. and McNabb, W.C. (2003). The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: review. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 106: 3–19.
Min, B.R., Pinchak, W.E., Anderson, R.C., Fulford, J.D. and Puchala, R. (2006). Effects of condensed tannins supplementation level on weight gain and in vitro and in vivo bloat precursors in steers grazing winter wheat. Journal of Animal Science. 84: 2546–2554.
Mousa, M.R.M. (2011). Effect of feeding Acacia as supplements on the nutrient digestion, growth performance, carcass traits and some blood constituents of Awassi lambs under the conditions of north Sinai. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 5: 102-117.
Mueller-Harvey, I. (2006). Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 86: 2010–2037.
Nasri, S. and Ben Salem, H. (2012). Effect of oral administration of Agave americana or Quillaja saponaria extracts on digestion and growth of Barbarine female lamb. Livestock Science. 147: 59-65.
National Research Council. (2007). Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants. National academy Press, Washington, DC. USA. 384 pp.
Ndluvo, L.R. (2000). Tannins in animal agriculture: friend or foe. In: Proceedings of the South African Society of AnimalScience Congress. 25–27 July, pp. 51–52.
Ngwa, A.T., Nsahlai, I.V. and Iji, P.A. (2002). Effect of supplementing veld hay with a dry meal or silage from pods of Acacia sieberiana with or without wheat bran on voluntary intake, digestibility, excretion of purine derivatives, nitrogen utilization and weight gain in South African Merino sheep. Livestock Production Science. 77: 253–264.
Oliveira, R.A., Narciso, C.D., Bisinotto, R.S., Perdomo, M.C., Ballou, M.A., Dreher, M. and Santos, J.E.P. (2010). Effects of feeding polyphenols from pomegranate extract on health, growth, nutrient digestion and immunocompetence of calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 93: 4280-4291.
Patra, A.K. and Saxena, J. (2009). Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of the effects on microbial populations. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 96: 363-375.
Patra, A.K. and Saxena, J. (2010). A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen. Phytochemistry. 71: 1198-1222.
Pen, B., Takaura, K., Yamaguchi, S., Asa, R. and Takahashi, J. (2007). Effects of Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponaria with or without b-1, 4 galactooligosaccharides on ruminal fermentation, methane production and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 138: 75–88.
Puchala, R., Min, B.R., Goetsch, A.L. and Sahlu, T. (2005). The effect of a condensed tannin containing forage on methane emission by goats. Journal of Animal Science. 83: 182–186.
Raju, J., Sahoo, B., Chandrakar, A., Sankar, M., Garg, A.K. and Sharma, A.K. (2015). Effect of feeding oak leaves (Quercus semecarpifolia vs Quercus leucotricophora) on nutrient utilization, growth performance and gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in temperate sub Himalayas. Small Ruminant Reserch. 125: 1-9.
Ramdani, D., Chaudhry, A. S. and Seal, C. J. (2013). Chemical composition, plant secondary metabolites, and minerals of green and black teas and the effect of different tea-to-water ratios during their extraction on the composition of their spent leaves as potential additives for ruminants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61: 4961-4967.
Robertson, J.B., and Van Soest, P.J. (1981). The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In: James, W.P.T., Theander, O. (Eds.), The Analysis
of Dietary Fiber in Food. Marcel Dekker, NY, USA, pp. 123–158 (chapter 9).
of Dietary Fiber in Food. Marcel Dekker, NY, USA, pp. 123–158 (chapter 9).
Rubanza, C.D.K., Shem, M.N., Bakengesa, S.S., Ichinoha, T. and Fujihara,T. (2007). Effects of Acacia nilotica, A. polycantha and Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal supplementation on performance of small East African goats fed native pasture hay basal forages. Small Ruminant Research. 70: 165–173.
Santoso, B., Mwenya, B., Sar, C., Gamo, Y., Kobayashi, T., Morikawa, R. and Takahash, J. (2004). Effect of Yucca schidigera with or without nisin on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed silage – and hay based diets. Animal Science Journal. 75: 525–531.
SAS. (2002). User's guide: Statistics, Version 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC, USA.
Singer, M.D., Robinson, P.H., Salem, A.Z.M. and DePeters, E.J. (2008). Impacts of rumen fluid modified by feeding Yucca schidigera to lactating dairy cows on in vitro gas production of 11 common dairy feedstuffs, as well as animal performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 146: 242–258.
Tan, C.Y., Zhong, R.Z., Tan, Z.L., Han, X.F., Tang, S.X., Xiao, W.J., Sun, Z.H. and Wang, M. (2011). Dietary inclusion of tea catechins changes fatty acid composition of muscle in goats. Lipids. 46: 239-247.
Tavendale, M.H., Meagher, L.P., Pacheco, D., Walker, N., Attwood, G.T. and Sivakumaran, S. (2005). Methane production from in vitro rumen incubations with Lotus pedunculatus and Medicago sativa, and effects of extractable condensed tannin fractions on methanogenesis. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 123–124: 403–419.
Tejda-Arroyo, E., Cipriano-Salazar, M., Camacho-Diaz, L.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Kholif, A.E., Elghandour, M.M.M.Y., Dilorenzo, N. and Cruz-Lagunas, B. (2015). Diet inclusion of devil fish (Plecostomus spp.) silage and its impacts on ruminal fermentation and growth performance of growing lambs in hot regions of Mexico. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 47: 861-866.
Unruh Snyder, L.J., Luginbuhl, J.M., Mueller, J.P., Conrad, A.P. and Turner, K.E. (2007). Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of Robinia pseudoacacia foliage fed to growing goat wethers. Small Ruminant Reserch. 71: 179-193.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral
detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal’s
nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3583–3597.
detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal’s
nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3583–3597.
Waghorn, G.C. (2008). Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production – progress and challenges. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 147: 116–139.
Waghorn, G.C. and McNabb, W.C. (2003). Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.62: 383–392.
Wu, Z., Sadik, M., Sleiman, F.T., Simas, J.M., Pessarakli, M. and Huber, J.T. (1994). Influence of Yucca extract on ruminal metabolism in cows. Journal of Animal Science. 72: 1038–1042.
Yosioka, I., Inada, A. and Kitagawa, I. (1974). Soil bacterial hydrolysis leading to genuine aglycone—VIII: Structures of a genuine sapogenol protobassic acid and a prosapogenol of seed kernels of Madhuca longifolia L. Tetrahedron. 30: 707-714.
Zhou, C.S., Xiao, W.J., Tan, Z.L., Salem, A.Z.M., Geng, M.M., Tang, S.X., Wang, M., Han, X.F. and Kang., J.H. (2012). Effects of dietary supplementation of tea saponins (Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng) on ruminal fermentation, digestibility and plasma antioxidant parameters in goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 176: 163-169.
)