نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
3 استاد، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی، کرج، ایران
4 استادیار، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی، کرج، ایران
5 پژوهشگر، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم دامی، کرج، ایران
چکیده
به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر جایگزینی سیلاژ ذرت (CS) با سیلاژ تاج‌خروس (AS) بر افزایش وزن، تخمیر شکمبه و فراسنجه‌های خون دام، تعداد 50 رأس بره نر مغانی با میانگین وزنی 9/1±28 کیلوگرم به مدت 98 روز در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. پنج جیره آزمایشی هم‌انرژی و هم‌پروتئین بر اساس نیازهای غذایی دام تنظیم شدند که در آنها سیلاژ ذرت با سطوح مختلف سیلاژ تاج‌خروس (به‌ترتیب سطوح 0، 75، 150، 225 و 300 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) جایگزین گردید. خوراکدهی به صورت آزاد و در قالب جیره کاملاً مخلوط دو بار در روز انجام شد. با جایگزین نمودن سیلاژ ذرت با سیلاژ تاج‌خروس، مصرف خوراک روزانه، افزایش وزن، نسبت مولی بوتیرات در شکمبه افزایش، اما نسبت مولی ایزووالرات شکمبه، و غلظت تری‌گلیسریدهای خون کاهش یافت (05/0P<). نسبت‌های مولی استات، پروپیونات، ایزوبوتیرات، والرات و pH شکمبه، غلظت گلوکز، پروتئین کل، آلبومین، کراتینین، کلسیم، فسفر، منیزیم، سدیم، پتاسیم و کلر خون در بین تیمارهای آزمایشی یکسان بود. در مجموع، جایگزینی سیلاژ ذرت با سیلاژ تاج‌خروس تا سطح 300 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک جیره، برای بره پرواری مغانی بدون آن که اثر منفی بر رشد دام و فراسنجه‌های شیمیایی خون داشته باشد، امکان‌پذیر بود
- Abbasi, D., Rouzbehan, Y. and Rezaei, J. (2012). Effect of harvest date and nitrogen fertilization rate on the nutritive value of amaranth forage (Amaranthus hypochondriacus). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171, 6–13.
2- Abdullah, A.Y., Muwalla, M.M., Qudsieh, R.I. and Titi, H.H. (2010). Effect of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) seeds as a replacement protein source of soybean meal on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing Awassi lambs. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 293–300.
3- Antunović, Z., Šperanda, M., Senčić, D., Novoselec, J., Steiner, Z. and Djidara, M. (2012). Influence of age on some blood parameters of lambs in organic production. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science, 1, 11–15.
4- AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
5- Baumont, R. (1996). Palatability and feeding behaviour in ruminants: A review. Annales De Zootechnie, 45, 385–400.
6- Becker, T., Wheeler, E.L., Lorenz, K., Stafford, A.E., Grosjean, O.K., Betschart, A.A. and Saunders, R.M. (1981). A compositional study of amaranth grain. Journal of Food Science, 46, 1175–1180.
7- Benkerrou, M., Delarche, C., Brahimi, L., Fay, M., Vilmer, E., Elion, J., Gougerot-Pocidalo, M.A. and Elbim, C. (2002). Hydroxyurea corrects the dysregulated L-selectin expression and increased H2O2 production of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with sickle cell anemia. Blood, 99, 2297–2303.
8- Berger, A., Gremaud, G., Baumgartner, M., Rein, D., Monnard, I., Kratky, E., Geiger, W., Burri, J., Dionisi, F., Allan, M. and Lambelet, P. (2003a). Cholesterol-lowering properties of amaranth grain and oil in hamsters. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 73, 39–47.
9- Berger, A., Monnard, I., Dionisi, F., Gumy, D., Lambelet, P. and Hayes, K.C. (2003b). Preparation of amaranth flakes, crude oils, and refined oils for evaluation of cholesterol-lowering properties in hamster. Food Chemistry, 81, 119–124.
10- Blood, D.C. and Radostits, O.M. (1993). Medicina Veterinaria. 7th ed. Interamericana. McGraw-Hill, Madrid. pp. 293–1294.
11- Bornez, R., Linares, M.B. and Vergara, H. (2009). Haematological, hormonal and biochemical parameters in lamb: Effect of age and blood sampling time. Livstock Science, 121, 200–206.
12- Broderick, G.A. and Kang, J.H. (1980). Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media. Journal of Dairy Science, 63, 64–75.
13- Burtis, C.A. and Ashwood, E.R. (1994). Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia.
14- Casteel, S.W., Johnson, G.C., Miller, M.A., Chudomelka, H.J., Cupps, D.E., Haskins, H.E. and Gosser, H.S. (1994). Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed) poisoning in cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 204(7), 1068–1070.
15- Cheeke, P.R. and Bronson, J. (1979). Feeding trials with Amaranthus grain, forage and leaf protein concentrations. In Proc. 2nd Amaranth Conf., Rodale Research Center, Kutztown, PA. 13-14 Sept. 1979. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. pp. 5–11.
16- Escudero, N.L., Albarracín, G., Fernández, S., De Arellano, L.M. and Mucciarelli, S. (1999). Nutrient and antinutrient composition of Amaranthus muricatus. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 54, 327–336.
17- Ferreira, T.A.P.C., Matias, A.C.G. and Arêas, J.A.G. (2007). Nutritional and functional characteristics of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). Nutrire, 32, 91–116.
18- Galina, M.A., Hummel, J.D., Sanchez, M. and Haenlein, G.F.W. (2004). Fattening Rambouillet lambs with corn stubble or alfalfa, slow intake urea supplementation or balanced concentrate. Small Rumin. Res, 53, 89–98.
19- Ganesh, C.H., Ramachandra Reddy, R., Venka Reddy, D., Krishna, N. and Srinivasa Rao, D. (1998). Nutritional evaluation of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentas) plant meal as roughage component of complete ration in lambs. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 15(4), 264–268.
20- Gupta, K. and Wagle, D.S. (1988). Nutritional and antinutritional factors of green leafy vegetables. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 36, 472–474.
21- Haddad, S.G. and Husein, M.Q. (2004). Effect of dietary energy density on growth performance and slaughter characteristics of fattening Awassi lambs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 87, 171–177.
22- Hardin, J.W. and Brownie, C.F. (1994). Plant poisonous to livestock and pets in North Carolina. North Carolina University Press, USA. 46–47.
23- Kadoshnikov, S.I., Kadoshnikova, I.G., Kulikov, Y.A. and Martirosyan, D.M. (2008). Researches of fractional composition of protein of amaranth. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 4, 196–205.
24- Kadoshnikov, S.I., Martirosyan, D.M., Kadoshnikova, I.G. and Chernov, I.A. (2001). A study on the silage use of plain and combined amaranth in ontogenesis. Legacy: the official newsletter of the amaranth institute, 14, 4–7.
25- Kauffman, C.S. and Weber, L.E. (1990). Grain amaranth. In: Advances in New Crops. Janick, J., Simon, J.E. (Ed), Timber Press, Portland, OR. pp. 127–139.
26- Liu, F. and Stutzel, H. (2002). Leaf water relations of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in response to soil drying. European Journal of Agronomy, 16, 137–150.
27- Lorenz, K and Wright, B. (1984) Phytate and Tannin Content of Amaranth. Food Chemistry, 14, 27–34.
28- McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D. and Morgan, C.A. (2002). Animal Nutrition. 6nd ed. Pearson Education Inc., Harlow, UK.
29- Mehrani, A., Fazaeli, H., Asadi, H. (2012). Effect of harvest in different growth stages on quantity and quality of forage of amaranth (Amaranthus sp.) varieties and its economic assessment. Seed Plant Production Journal, 28, 173–185. In Farsi.
30- Menke, K.H. and Steingass, H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7–55.
31- Mlakar, S.G., Turinek, M., Jakop, M., Bavec, M. and Bavec, F. (2009). Nutrition value and use of grain amaranth: potential future application in bread making. Agricultura, 6, 43–53.
32- Mohri, M., Sharifi, K. and Eidi, S. (2007). Hematology and serum biochemistry of Holstein dairy calves: Age related changes and comparison with blood composition in adults. Research Veterinary Science, 83, 30–39.
33- Mojabi, A. (2011). Veterinary Clinical Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Noorbakhsh Publishing, Tehran, Iran. 511 pp. In Farsi.
34- Mukhtar, N., Sarwar, M., Nisa, M.U. and Sheikh, M.A. (2010). Growth response of growing lambs fed on concentrate with or without ionophores and probiotics. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12:734–738.
35- Myers, R.L. (1996). Amaranth, new crop opportunity. In: Progress in New Crops. Janick, J. ed. ASHS Press. Alexandria, VA, USA. pp. 207–220.
36- Myers, R.L. and Putnam, D.H. (1988). Growing grain amaranth as a specialty crop. Center for Alternative Crops and Products, Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
37- NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA, 408 pp.
38- NRC. (1985). Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. 6th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
39- Odwongo, W.O. and Mugerwa, J.S. (1980). Performance of calves on diets containing amaranthus leaf meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 5, 193–204.
40- Olfaz, M., Ocak, N., Erener, G., Cam, M.A. and Garipoglu, A.V. (2005). Growth, carcass and meat characteristics of Karayaka growing rams fed sugar beet pulp, partially substituting for grass hay as forage. Meat Sci. 70, 7–14.
41- Olorunnisomo, O.A. (2010). Nutritive value of conserved maize, amaranth or maize-amaranth mixture as dry season fodder for growing West African Dwarf sheep. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22 (10), Article #191.
42- Olorunnisomo, O.A. and Ayodele, O.J. (2009). Effects of intercropping and fertilizer application on the yield and nutritive value of maize and amaranth forages in Nigeria. Grass and Forage Science, 64, 413–420.
43- Ozbucak, T.B., Ergen Akcin, O. and Yalcin, S. (2007). Nutrition contents of the some wild edible plants in Central Black Sea region of Turkey. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, 1, 11–13.
44- Pirmohammadi, R., Rouzbehan, Y., Rezayazdi, K. and Zahedifar, M. (2006). Chemical composition, digestibility and in situ degradability of dried and ensiled apple pomace and maize silage. Small Ruminant Research, 66, 150–155.
45- Pisarikova, B., Peterka, J., Trakova, M., Moudr, J., Zral, Z. and Herzig, I. (2006). Chemical composition of the above-ground biomass of Amaranthus cruentus and A. hypochondriacus. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 75, 133–138.
46- Arêas, J.A.G. (2002). Cholesterol-lowering effect of extruded amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) in hyper cholesterolemic rabbits. Food Chemistry, 76, 1–6.
47- Pond, W.G. and Lehmann, J.W. (1989). Nutritive value of a vegetable amaranth cultivar for growing lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 67, 3036–3039.
48- Preston, T.R. and Leng, R.A. (1987). Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics and Subtropics. Prenambul Books, Armidale, Australia. 245 pp.
49- Qureshi, A.A., Lehmann, J.W. and Peterson, D.M. (1996). Amaranth and its oil inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in 6-week-old female chickens. Journal of Nutrition, 126, 1972–1978.
50- Rabbani, H. (2012). Study on silage characteristics of two varieties of amaranth forage (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) and its comparison with corn silage. MSc Thesis in Animal Science. Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. 81 pp.
51- Radostitis, O.M., Gay, C.C., Blood, D.C. and Hinchliff, K.W. (2007). Veterinary Medicine. A text book of the diseases of cattle, sheep, goats and horses. 10th ed. W.B. Saunders Ltd. London, UK.
52- Ramos, S., Tejido, M.L., Martínez, M.E., Ranilla, M.L. and Carro, M.D. (2009). Microbial protein synthesis, ruminal digestion, microbial populations, and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets varying in forage-to-concentrate ratio and type of forage. Journal of Animal Science, 87, 2924–2934.
53- Rastrelli, L., Pizza, C., Saturnino, P., Schettino, O. and Dini, A. (1995). Studies on the constituents of Amaranthus caudatus (Kiwicha) seeds. Isolation and characterization of seven new Triterpene saponins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 43, 904–909.
54- Rezaei, J., Rouzbehan, Y. and Fazaeli, H. (2009). Nutritive value of fresh and ensiled amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) treated with different levels of molasses. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151, 153–160.
55- Robertson, J.B. and Van Soest, P.J. (1981). The detergent system of analysis and its application to human foods. In: The Analysis of Dietary Fiber in Food. W. P. T. James and O. Theander, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY, USA. pp. 123–158.
56- SAS. (2001). Statistical Analysis System. User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 8.2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
57- Shingfield, K.J., Jaakkola, S. and Huhtanen, P. (2002). Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on diet digestibility, rumen fermentation, blood metabolite concentrations and nutrient utilization of dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 97, 1–21.
58- Shukla, S., Bhargava, A., Chatterjee, A., Srivastava, J., Singh, N. and Singh, S.P. (2006). Mineral profile and variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 61, 23–28.
59- Solaiman, S., Thomas, J., Dupre, Y., Min, B.R., Gurung, N., Terrill, T.H. and Haenlein, G.F.W. (2010). Effect of feeding sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) on growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass characteristics of Kiko crossbred male kids. Small Ruminant Research, 93, 149–156.
60- Tosi, E.A., Ré, E.D., Masciarelli, R., Sánchez, H., Osella, C. and de la Torre, M.A. (2002). Whole and defatted hyperproteic amaranth flours tested as wheat flour supplementation in mold breads. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie, 35, 472–475.
61- Van Soest, P.J. (1994). Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, 2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Itacha, NY, USA.
62- Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583–3597.
63- Yáñez Ruiz, D.R., Moumen, A., Martín García A.I. and Molina Alcaide, E. (2004). Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population, and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on two-stage olive cake: Effect of PEG supply. J. Anim Sci, 82, 2023–2032.
)