Afsharmanesh, M., Sadeghi, B. and Silversides, F.G. (2013). Influence of supplementation of prebiotic, probiotic, and antibiotic to wet-fed wheat-based diets on growth, ileal nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and gastrointestinal characteristics of broiler chickens. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 22:245-251.
Alkhalf, A., Alhaj, M. and Al-homidan, I. (2010). Influence of probiotic supplementation on blood parameters and growth performance in broiler chickens. Saudi journal of Biological. Science. 17:219-225.
Apata, D.F. (2008). [v1] Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Journal Science of Food Agriculture. 88:1253-1258.
Ashayerizadeh, A., Dabiri, N., Ashayerizadeh, O., Mirzadeh, K.H., Roshanfekr, H., Mamooee, M. (2009). Effect of dietary antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic as growth promoters on growth performance, carcass characteristics and hematological indices of broiler chickens. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 12:52-57.
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Arlington, VA.
Awad, W.A., Ghareeb, K., Abdel-Raheem, S. and Bِöhm, J. (2009). Effects of dietary inclusion of probiotic and synbiotic on growth performance, organ weights, and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 88:49-55.
Barton, M.D. (2000). Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human health. Nutrition Research and Reviews. 13:279-299.
Bozkurt, M., Küçükyilmaz, K., Çatli, A.U. and Çinar, M. (2008). Growth performance and characteristics of broiler chickens fed with antibiotic, mannan oligosaccharids and dextran oligosaccharide supplemented diets. International Journal of Poultry Science. 7:969-977.
Chichlowski, M., Croom, J., McBride, B.W., Daniel, L., Davis, G. and Koci, M.D. (2007). Direct-fed microbial Primalac and Salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick. Poultry Science. 86:1100-1106.
Chowdhury, R., Islam, K.M.S., Khan, M.J., Karim, M.R., Haque, M.N., Khatun, M. et al. (2009). Effect of citric acid, avilamycin, and their combination on the performance, tibia ash, and immune status of broilers. Poultry Science. 88:1616-1622.
Duke G.E. (1986[v2] ). Alimentary canal: Secretion, special digestion functions and absorption. Pp. 289-302. In: Avian Physiology. Sturkie PD, (ed). Springer Verlay, New York, NY.
Eckert, N.H., Lee, J.T., Hyatt, D., Stevens, S.M., Anderson, S., Anderson, P.N., et al. (2010). Influence of probiotic administration by feed or water on growth parameters of broilers reared on medicated and nonmedicated diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 19:59-67.
Falaki, M., Shams Shargh, M., Dastar, B. and Zerehdaran, S. (2011). Effects of different levels of probiotic and prebiotic on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 10:378-384.
Fenton, T.W. and Fenton, M. (1979). An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces. Canadian Journal Animal Science. 59:631-634.
Friedewald, W.T., Levy, R.I. and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972). Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the ultra-centrifuge. Clinical Chemistry. 18:449-502.
Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotic in man and animal. Jornal Applied Bacteriology. 66:365-378.
Gallaher, D.D. and Khil, J. (1999). The effect of synbiotics on colon carcinogenesis in rats. Journal of Nutrition. 129 (Suppl. 7):1483S-1487S.
Garcı´a, V., Catala´-Gregori, P., Herna´ndez, F., Megı´as, M. D. and Madrid, J. (2007). Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 16:555-562.
Huang, R.L., Yin, Y.L., Wu, G.Y., Zhang, Y.G., Li, T.J., Li, L.L., et al. (2005). Effect of dietary oligochitosan supplementation on ileal digestibility of nutrients and performance in broilers. Poultry Science. 84:1383-1388.
Jin, L.Z., Ho, Y.W., Abdullah, N., Ali, M.A. and Jalaludin, S. (1998). Effects of adherent Lactobacillus cultures on growth, weight of organs and intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acids in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 70:197-209.
Jones, M.L., Chen, H., Ouyang, W., Metz, T. and Prakash, S. (2004). Microencapsulated genetically engineered Lactobacillus plantarum 80 (pCBH1) for bile acid deconjugation and its implication in lowering cholesterol. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 1:61-69.
Kannan, M., Karunakaran, R., Balakrishnan, V. and Prabhakar, T.G. (2005). Influence prebiotic supplementation on lipid profile of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science. 4:994-997.
Kim, G.B., Seo, Y.M., Kim, C.H. and Paik, I. K. (2011). Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. Poultry Science. 90:75-82.
Kimoto, H., Ohmomo, S. and Okamoto, T. (2002). Cholesterol removal from media by Lactococci. Journal of Dairy Science. 85:3182-3188.
Klaver, F.A.M. and van der Meer, R. (1993). The assumed assimilation of cholesterol by Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium bifidum is due to their bile salt deconjugating activity. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 59:1120-1124.
Lye, H.S., Rusul, G. and Liong, M.T. (2010). Removal of cholesterol by Lactobacilli via incorporation of and conversion to coprostanol. Journal of Dairy Science. 93:1383-1392.
Miles, R.D., Butcher, G.D., Henry, P.R. and Littell, R.C. (2006). Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science. 85:476-485.
Mountzouris, K.C., Tsirtsikos, P., Kalamara, E., Nitsch, S., Schatzmayr, G. and Fegeros, K. (2007). Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating cecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poultry Science. 86:309-317.
Mountzouris, K.C., Tsitrsikos, P., Palamidi, I., Arvaniti, A., Mohnl, M., Schatzmayr, G., et al. (2010). Effect of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Poultry Science. 89:58-67.
National Research Council. (1994). Nutrient requirements for poultry. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
Navidshad, B., Adibmoradi, M. and Ansari Pirsaraei, Z. (2010). Effects of dietary supplementation of Aspergillus originated prebiotic (Fermacto) on performance and small intestinal morphology of broiler chickens fed diluted diets. Italian Jornal of Animal Science. 9:55-60.
Nayebpor, M. Farhomand, P. and Hashemi, A. (2007). Effects of different levels of direct fed microbial (Primalac) on growth performance and humoral immune response in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 6:1308-1313.
Panda, A.K., Rama Rao, S.V., Raju, M.V.L.N. and Sharma, R.S. (2006). Dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus Sporogenes on performance and serum biochemico-lipid profile of broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 43:235-240.
Patterson, J.A. and Burkeholder, K.M. (2003). Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poultry Science. 82:627-631.
Russell, S.M. and Grimes, J.L. (2009). The effect of a direct-fed microbial (Primalac) on turkey live performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 18:185-192.
Salarmoini, M. and Fooladi, H. (2011). Efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic to improve broiler chicks performance. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 13:165-172.
Santoso, U., K. Tanaka and Ohtanis, S. (1995). Effect of dried Bacillus subtilis culture on growth, body composition and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activity in female broiler chicks. British Journal of Nutrition. 74:523-529.
SAS Institute. (2002). SAS/STAT User’s guide: Statistics. Version 9.1.4th ed. SAS Institute. Inc. Cary, NC.
Shim, Y.H., Ingale, S.L., Kim, J.S., Kim, K.H., Seo, D.K., Lee, S.C., et al. (2012). A multi-microbe probiotic formulation processed at low and high drying temperatures: effects on growth performance, nutrient retention and caecal microbiology of broilers. British Poultry Science. 53:482-490.
Taheri, H.R., Kokabi Moghadam, M., Kakebaveh, M. and Harakinezhad, T. (2014). Growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with probiotic and (or) prebiotic preparations. Journal of Livestock Science and Technologies. 2:1-8.
Torres-Rodriguez, A., Sartor, C., Higgins, S.E., Wolfenden, A.D., Bielke, L.R., Pixley, C.M., et al. (2005). Effect of Aspergillus meal prebiotic (Fermacto) on performance of broiler chickens in the starter phase and fed low protein diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 14:665-669.
Witte, W. (2000). Selective pressure by antibiotic use in livestock. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 16: S19–S24.
Zhou, T.X., Chen, Y.J., Yoo, J.S., Huang, Y., Lee, J.H., Jang, H.D., et al. (2009). Effects of chitooligosaccharide supplementation on performance, blood characteristics, relative organ weight, and meat quality in broiler chickens. Poultry Science. 88:593-600.
Zhu, N.H., Zhang, R.J., Wu, H. and Zhang, B. (2009). Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, xanthophyll deposition, and color of the meat and skin of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 18:570-578.
)