نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه زیست شناسی دانشکده علوم پایه دانشگاه اراک.
2 دانشیارگروه علوم دامی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه اراک.
3 دانشیار گروه زیست شناسی دانشکده علوم پایه دانشگاه اراک.
چکیده
اسپرم مورد استفاده در مطالعه حاضر از اپیدیدیم بیضه‌های قوچ‌های فراهانی کشتار شده جمع‌آوری و به چهار گروه تقسیم شد. در هر نمونه، 106× 5 اسپرم وجود داشت. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل اسپرم‌های لحظه صفر، اسپرم‌های لحظه 180 دقیقه (شاهد)، اسپرم‌های تیمار شده با کلرید کادمیوم (10 میکرومولار) به مدت 180 دقیقه و اسپرم‌های تیمار شده با سیلیمارین (5 میکرومولار) همراه با کلرید کادمیوم (10 میکرومولار) به مدت 180 دقیقه بودند. برای بررسی جنبه‌های مورفولوژیکی آپوپتوز در هسته اسپرم از رنگ‌آمیزیDiff-Quick استفاده گردید. همچنین برای برآورد شکست DNA از رنگ‌آمیزی اکریدین اورنژ و تست SCD استفاده شد. آنالیز داده‌ها از طریق روش تجزیه واریانس یک طرفه صورت گرفت. مقایسه میانگین تیمارها با استفاده از آزمون توکی در سطح خطای 05/0 انجام شد. در این پژوهش، قطر هسته اسپرم در گروه تیمار شده با کلرید کادمیوم نسبت به گروه شاهد به طور معنی‌داری (05/0P<) کاهش یافت. استفاده از سیلیمارین همراه با کلرید کادمیوم توانست کاهش قطر هسته اسپرم را نسبت به گروه تیمار شده با کلرید کادمیوم به طور معنی‌داری جبران کند. همچنین نتایج نشان دادند که درصد شکست DNA در گروه تیمار شده با کلرید کادمیوم در مقایسه با گروه شاهد (001/0>P) و گروه تیمار شده با سیلیمارین همره با کلرید کادمیوم (01/0>P) به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت
کلیدواژه‌ها
زرگری، ع. (1375) گیاهان دارویی (چاپ پنجم)، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. جلد سوم، صص. 38-34.
Agarwal, A., Prabakaran, S.A. and Sikka, S.C. (2007). Clinical relevance of oxidative stress in patients with male factor infertility: Evidence- based analysis. American Urological Association. 26: 2-11.
Agarwal, A. and Saleh, R.A. (2002). Role of oxidants in male infertility: rationale, significance, and treatment. Urologic Clinics of North America. 29: 817-827.
Alabi, N.S., Whanger, P.D. and Wu, A.S.H. (1985). Interactive effects of organic and inorganic selenium with cadmium and mercury on spermatozoal oxygen consumption and motility in vitro. Biology of Reproduction. 33: 911-919.
Alarcon de la Lastra, A.C., Martin, M.J., Motilva, V., Jimenez, M., La Casa, C. and Lopez, A. (1995). Gastroprotection induced by silymarin, the hepatoprotective principle of Silybummarianum in ischemia-reperfusion mucosal injury: role of neutrophils. Planta Medica. 61: 116-119.
Arabi, R. (2006). Cadmium as an etiology of sperm dysfunction in Holstein bulls. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research. 7: 29-36.
Bagchi, D., Joshi, S.S., Bagchi, M., Balmoori, E.J., Benner, C.A., Kuszynski, S. et al. (2000). Cadmium- and chromium-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death in cultured human chronic myelogenous leukemic K562 cells, promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells, and normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 14: 33-41.
Basiglio, C.L., Pozzi, E.J.S., Mottino, A.D. and Roma, M.G. (2009). Differential effects of silymarin and its active component silibinin on plasma membrane stability and hepatocellular lysis. Chemicobiological Interactions. 179: 297-303.
Bayir, H. and Kagan, V.E. (2008). Bench-to-bedside review: Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress and apoptosis- there is nothing more practical than a good theory. Critical Care. 12: 1-11.
Bertin, D. and Averbeck, T. (2006). Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair and genotoxic consequences. Biochimie. 88: 1549-1559.
Bukowska, D., Kempisty, B., Sikora, J., Jackowska, M., Wozna, M., Antosik, P. et al. (2011). The effect of swim-up purification and incubation of cells on sperm viability in dogs of different ages. Veterinarni Medicina. 56: 248–254.
Chang, H.Y. and Yang, X. (2000). Proteases for cell suicide: functions and regulation of caspases. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64: 821- 846.
Chiu, R., Novikov, L., Mukherjee, S. and Shields, D. (2002). A caspase cleavage fragment of p115 induces fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and apoptosis. Journal of Cell Biology. 159: 637-648.
Dehmlow, C. and Murawski, N. (1996). Scavenging of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of Arachidonic acid metabolism by silibinin in human cells. Life Science. 58: 1591-1600.
Eggert-Kruse, W., Rohr, G., Jochum, R., Adolph, M. and Runnebaum, B. (1992). The effect of heavy metals on the in vitro interaction between human sperm and cervical mucus. Deutsche Medizinsche Wochenschrift. 117: 1383-1389.
Feher, J. and Lengyel, G. (2012). Silymarin in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases and primary liver cancer. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 13: 210-217.
Filipic, M. and Hei, T.K. (2004). Mutagenicity of cadmium in mammalian cells: implication of oxidative DNA damage. Mutation Research. 546: 81-91.
Goering, L., Waalkes, M.P. and Klassen, C.D. (1995). Toxicology of cadmium, toxicology of metals. Biochemical Aspects (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology). Springer-Verlag. 115: 189-213.
He, B., Lu, N. and Zhou, Z. (2009). Cellular and nuclear degradation during apoptosis. Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 21: 900-912.
Jeong, S.Y. and Seol, D.W. (2008). The role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Reports. 41: 11-22.
Kidd, P.M. (2009). Bioavailability and activity of phytosome complexes from botanical polyphenols: the silymarin, curcumin, green tea, and grape seed extracts. Alternative Medicine Review. 14: 226-246.
Kim, R., Emi, M. and Tanabe, K. (2006). Role of mitochondria as the gardens of cell death. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 57: 545-553.
Kittur, S., Wilasrusmee, S., Pedersen, W.A., Mattson, M.P., Straube-West, K., Wilasrusmee, C., Jubelt, B. and Kittur, D.S. (2002). Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on neurons in culture. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 18: 265-269.
Lane, J.D., Lucocq, J., Pryde, J., Barr, F.A., Woodman, P.G. and Allan, V.J. (2002). Caspase-mediated cleavage of the stacking protein GRASP65 is required for Golgi fragmentation during apoptosis. Journal of Cell Biology. 156: 495-509.
Li, M., Kondo, T., Zhao, Q., Li, F., Tanabe, K., Arai, Y. et al. (2000). Apoptosis induced by cadmium in human lymphoma U937 cells through Ca2+-calpain and caspase-mitochondria-dependent pathways. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275: 39702-39709.
Mantau, H. and Baudo, R. (1992). Sources of cadmium, its distribution and turnover in the freshwater environment. International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publication. 118: 133-148.
Mattson, M.P. and Chan, S.L. (2003). Calcium orchestrates apoptosis. Nature Cell Biology. 5: 1041-1043.
Mellgren, R.L. (1991). Proteolysis of nuclear proteins by mu-calpain and m-calpain. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266: 13920-13924.
Mendez-Armenta, M.M. and Rlos, C. (2007). Cadmium neurotoxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 23: 350-358.
Mukherjee, A., Giri, A.K., Sharma, A. and Talukder, G. (1988). Relative efficacy of short-term tests in detecting genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride in mice in vivo. Mutation Research. 206: 285-296.
Nagata, S. (2005). DNA degradation in development and programmed cell death. Annual Review of Immunology. 23: 853-875.
Nemmich, S., Chbane-Sari, D. and Guriaud, P. (2007). Role of α-tocopherol in cadmium-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats blood, liver and brain. Chemico-Biology Interactions. 170: 221-230.
Norusis, M. (2008). SPSS 16.0 Guide to Data Analysis 2nd Edition. Mc Graw Hill, USA.
Oliveira, H., Spano, M., Santos, C. and Pereira, M. (2009). Adverse effects of cadmium exposure on mouse sperm. Reproductive Toxicology. 28: 550-555.
Omidbaigi, R. and Nobakht, A. (2001). Nitrogen fertilizer affecting growth, seed yield and active substances of milk thistle. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 4: 1345-1349.
Parcellier, A., Tintignac, L.A., Zhuravleva, E. and Hemmings, B.A. (2008). PKB and the mitochondria: AKTing on apoptosis. Cell Signal. 20: 21-30.
Pathak, N. and Khandelwal, S. (2007). Role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in cadmium induced thymic atrophy and splenomegaly in mice. Toxicology Letters.169: 95-108.
Ray, S.K., Matzelle, D.C., Wilford, G.G., Hogan, E.L. and Banik, N.L. (2000). E-64-d prevents both calpain upregulation and apoptosis in the lesion and penumbra following spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Research. 867: 80-89.
Roostaei-Ali Mehr, M. and Parisoush, P. (2016). Effect of different levels of Silymarin and Caproic acid on storage of ram semen in liquid form. Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 51: 569-574.
Sakahira, A., Hideki, R., Enari, X., Masato, O., Nagata, F. and Shigekazu, P. (1998). Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis. Nature. 391: 96–99.
Schulz, V., Hansel, R. and Tyler, V.E. (1997). Rational Phytotherapy: A Physicians' Guide to Herbal Medicine. Springer, Berlin, p: 306.
Scott, L. (2010). The role of mitochondria in the mammalian antiviral defense system. Mitochondrion. 10: 316-320.
Sies, H., Stahl, W. and Sundquist, A.R. (1992). Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 669: 7-20.
Song, N. and Koh, J. (2012). Effects of cadmium chloride on the cultured human lens epithelial cells. Molecular Vision. 18: 983-988.
Soria, E.A., Eynard, A.R., Quiroga, P.L. and Bongiovanni, G.A. (2007). Differential effects of quercetin and silymarin on arsenate-induced cytotoxicity in two human breast adenocacinoma cell lines. Life Science. 81: 1397-1402.
Su, C.L., Huang, L.L., Huang, L.M., Lee, J.C., Lin, C.N. and Won, S.J. (2006). Caspase-8 acts as a key upstream executor of mitochondria during justicidin A-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters. 29: 580: 3185-3191.
Tejada, L., Mitchell, J.C., Norman, A., Marik, J.J. and Friedman, S.A. (1984). Test for the practical evaluation of male fertility by acridine orange (AO) fluorescence. Fertility and Sterility. 42: 87-91.
Wlodkowic, D., Skommer, J., McGuinness, D., Hillier, C. and Darzynkiewicz, Z. (2009). ER–Golgi network-A future target for anti-cancer therapy. Leukemia Research. 33: 1440- 1447.
World Health Organization. (2010). WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen.15th Edition,Cambridge University Press. PP: 21-23.
Xiong, S., Zhao, Q., Rong, Z., Huang, G., Huang, Y., Chen, P. et al. (2003). hSef inhibits PC-12 cell differentiation by interfering with Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase MAPK signaling. The Journal of Biological chemistry, 278: 50273-50282.
Yang, J., Arnush, M., Chenc, Q., Wu, C., Pang, B. and Jiang, X. (2003). Cadmium-induced damage to primary cultures of rat Leydig cells. Reproductive Toxicology. 17: 553–560.
Yu, R., He, L.F. and Chen, X.M. (2007). Effects of cadmium on hepatocellular DNA damage, proto-oncogene expression and apoptosis in rats. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 20: 146-153.
)