نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده علوم دامی و شیلات، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری
چکیده
این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی تاثیر سطوح مختلف تفاوت کاتیون-آنیون جیره (DCAD) بر عملکرد شیردهی، پروفیل اسیدهای چرب شیر، غلظت مواد معدنی پلاسما و ادرار طی تنش حرارتی انجام شد. در این پژوهش 18 راس گاو هلشتاین نوبت زایش سوم با میانگین تولید شیر 5/1±5/43 لیتر در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی به‌صورت تصادفی به گروه‌های آزمایشی: (1) 200+ میلی اکی والان در کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی (2) 330+ میلی اکی والان در کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی و (3) 550+ میلی اکی والان در کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی اختصاص یافتند. گاوها از روز زایش و بعد از 14 روز عادت‌دهی، سه هفته با گروه‌های بالا تغذیه شدند. نتایج نشان داد سطوح مختلف DCAD بر مقدار مصرف خوراک، تولید شیر و چربی شیر را تحت تاثیر قرار داد وبا افزایش سطح DCAD افزایش یافت (01/0 P <). بیشترین مقدار مصرف خوراک، تولید شیر، چربی شیر و pH خون و ادرار در سطح 550+ میلی اکی والان در کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی بود. همراه با افزایش DCAD فشار نسبی دی اکسیدکربن و مقدار بی‌کربنات خون به‌صورت معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. افزایش سطح DCAD تفاوت کاتیون-آنیون جیره اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر (C4-C10) را کاهش داد (05/0 P <). به‌طور کلی نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد تفاوت کاتیون-آنیون جیره‌ای در سطح 550+ میلی اکی والان در کیلوگرم ماده خشک مصرفی با افزایش مصرف خوراک، بهبود pH و افزایش قدرت بافری شکمبه سبب بهبود تعادل الکترولیتی بدن شد. همچنین سطح 550+ میلی اکی والان در کیلوگرم عملکرد تولیدی و تولیدمثلی گاوهای شیری را طی تنش حرارتی بهبود داد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
AOAC (2002) Official Methods of Analysis. Assoc. Off. Anlyt. Chemist. Arlington Virginia, U.S.
Apper-Bossard, E., Faverdin, P., Meschy, F. and Peyraud, J. L. (2010). Effects of dietary cation-anion difference on ruminal metabolism and blood acid-base regulation in dairy cows receiving 2 contrasting levels of concentrate in diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 93:4196–421
Apper-Bossard, E., Peyraud, J. L., Faverdin, P. and Meschy, F. (2006). Changing dietary cation-anion difference for dairy cows fed with two contrasting levels of concentrate in diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 89:749-760.
Austic, R. E. and Calvert, C. C. (1981). Nutritional inter relationships of electrolytes and amino acids. Fed. Proc. 40:63–67.
Bandaranayaka, D. D. and Holmes, W. C. (1976). Changes In the composition of milk and rumen contents in cows exposed to a high ambient temperature with controlled feeding. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 8:38-46.
Bernabucci, U., Lacetera, N., Ronchi, B. and Nardone, A. (2002). Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Animal Research. 51:25-33.
Berman, A. (2005). Estimates of heat stress velief needs for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Animal Science. 83: 1377-1384.
Butler, W. R. (2003). Energy balance relationships with Follicular development, ovulation and fertility in postpartum dairy cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 83 :211-218.
Buza, M. H., Holden, L. A., White, R. A. and Ishler, V. A. (2014). Evaluating the effect of ration composition on income over feed cost and milk yield. Journal of Dairy Science 97:3073–3080.
Chan, P. S., West, J. W., Bernard, J. K. and Fernandez, J. M. (2005). Effects of dietary cation-anion difference on intake, milk yield, and blood components of the early lactation cow. Journal of Dairy Science. 88:4384–4392.
Collier, R. J., Hall, L. W., Rungruang, S. and Zimbleman, R.B. (2012). Quantifying heat stress and its impact on metabolism and performance. Journal of Animal Science. 97:56-59.
Delaquis, A. M. and Block, E. (1995). The effects of changing ration ingredients on acid-base status, renal function, and macromineral metabolism. Journal of Dairy Science. 78:2024-2039.
Erdman, R. A., Piperova, L. S. and Kohn, R. A. (2011). Corn silage versus corn silage:alfalfa hay mixtures for dairy cows: Effects of dietary potassium, calcium, and cation-anion difference. Journal of Dairy Science. 94:5105-5110.
Escobosa, A., Coopock, C. E., Rowe, L. D., Jenkins, J. R. and Gates, C. E. (1984). Effect of dietary sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride in physiological responses of lactating dairy cows in hot weather. Journal of Dairy Science. 67:574-584.
Harrison, J., White, R., Kincaid, R. and Block, E. (2012). Effectiveness of potassium carbonate sesquihydrate to increase dietary cationanion difference in early lactation cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 95:3919-3925.
Hu, W. and Murphy, M. R. (2004). Dietary cation-anion difference effects on performance and acid-base status of lactating dairy cows: a meta analysis. Journal of Dairy Science. 87:2222-2229.
Hu, W., Murphy, M. R., Constable, P. D. and Block, E. (2007). Dietary cation-anion difference and dietary protein effects on performance and acid base status of dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science. 90:3355-3366.
Iwaniuk, M. E., Weidman, A. E. and Erdman, R. A. (2015). The effect of dietary cation-anion difference concentration and cation source on milk production and feed efficiency in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 90:3355–3366.
Jackson, J. A., Akay, V., Franklin, S. T. and Aaron, D. K. (2001). The effect of cation-anion difference on calcium requirement, feed intake, body weight gain and blood gasses and macromineral concentrations of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 84:147-153.
Kadzere, C. T., Murphy, M. R., Silanikove, N. and Maltz, E. (2002). Heat stress in lactating dairy cows. Livestock Production Science. 77:59-91.
Maltz, E., Silanikove, N., Berman, A. and Shalit, U. (1994). Diurnal fluctuations in plasma ions and water intake of dairy cows as affected by lactation in warm weather. Journal of Dairy Science. 77:2630-2639
Nieaber, J. A. and Hahn, G. L. (2007). Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenge. Internal Journal of Biometeorology. 52:149-157.
O’brien, M. D., Wheelock, J. B., La Noce, A. J., Rhoads, M. L., Rhoads, R. P., Vanbaale, M. J., Collier, R. J. and Baumgard, L. H. (2007) Effects of heat stress vs. underfeeding on milk fatty acid composition. Journal of Animal Science. 85:58-63.
Ribeiro, E.S., Lima, F. S., Ayres, H., Greco, L. F., Bisinotto, Favoreto, M., Marsola, R.S., Monteiro, A.P.A., Thatcher, W. W. and Santos, J. E. P. (2011). Effect of postpartum diseases on reproduction of grazing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 94(E-Suppl. 1):63 (Abstr.).
Roche, J. R., Dalley, D., Moate, P., Grainger, C., Rath, M. and O’Mara, F. (2003). Dietary cation-anion difference and the health and production of pasture-fed dairy cows. Dairy cows in early lactation. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:970-978.
Roche, J. R., Petch, S. and Kay, J. K. (2005). Manipulating the dietary cation-anion difference via drenching to early-lactation dairy cows grazing pasture. Journal of Dairy Science. 88:264-276.
Sanchez, W. K. and Beede, D. K. (1996). Is there an optimal cation-anion difference for lactation diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 59:3–12.
Sanchez, W. K. and Beede, D. K. (1994). Interactions of sodium, potassium, and chloride on lactation, acid-base sStatus, and mineral concentrations. Journal of Dairy Science. 77:1661-1675.
Vagnoni, D. B. and Oetzel, G. R. (1998). Effects of dietary cation-anion difference on the acid-base status of dry cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 81:1643–1652.
Schneider, P. L., Beede, D. K. and Wilox, C. J. (1986). Responses of lactating cows to dietary sodium source and potassium quantity during heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science. 69:99-110.
Schneider, P. L., Beede, D. K. and Wilcox, C. J. (1988). Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. Journal of Animal Science. 66:112-125.
Shalit, O., Maltz, E., Silanikove, N. and Berman, A. (1991). Water, Na, K, and, Cl, metabolism of dairy cows at onset of lactation in hot weather. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:1874-1883.
Shahzad, A. M., Sarwar, M. and Mahrun, N. (2008). Influence of altering dietary cation anion difference on milk yield and its composition by early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes in summer. Livestock Science. 113:133-143.
St-Pierre, N. R,.. Cobanov, B,. and Schnitkey, G. (2003). Economic Losses from Heat Stress by US Livestock Industries. Journal of Dairy Science. 86:52-77.
Tucker, W. B., Hogue, J. F., Waterman, D. F., Swenson, T. S., Xin, Z., Hemken, R. W., Jackson, J. A., Adams, G. D. and Spicer, L. J. (1991). Role of sulfur and chloride in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 69:1205-1213.
Vagnoni, D. B. and Oetzel, G. R. (1998) Effects of dietary cation-anion difference on the acid-base status of dry cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 81:1643-1652.
Van Soest P. J., Roberston J. B. and Lewis B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fibre NDF and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:3583-3597.
West, J. W., Haydon, K. D., Mullinix, B. G. and Sandifer, T. G. (1992). Dietary cation- anion balance and cation source effects on production and acid-base status of heat-stressed cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 75:2776-2786.
West, J. W., Mullinix, B. G. and Sandifer, T. G. (1991). Changing dietary electrolyte balance for dairy cows in cool and hot environments. Journal of Dairy Science. 74:1662-1674.
West, J. W. (1999) Nutritional strategies for managing in heat-stresses dairy cow. Journal of Animal Science. 77:21-35.
Wildman, C. D., West, J. W. and Bernard, J. K. (2007). Effects of Dietary Cation Anion Difference and Potassium to Sodium Ratio on Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather. Journal of Dairy Science.90:970-977.
Wolf, C. A. (2010). Understanding the milk-to-feed price ratio as a proxy for dairy farm profitability. Journal of Dairy Science. 93:4942-4948.
Wu, W. X., Liu, J. X., Xu, G. Z. and Ye, J. A. (2008). Calcium homeostasis acid-base balance, and health status in preparturient Holstein cows fed diets with low cation-anion difference. Livestock Science. 117:7-14.
)